Fundamentals of Kinesiology

Fundamentals of Kinesiology

Apparel Technical Design

Introduction to the Study of Kinesiology

& Anatomical and

Physiological Fundamentals of Human Motion

The Musculoskeletal System: The Skeletal

System and its Movement

(Ch. 1 & 2)

What is Kinesiology? ! The study of human movement from the point of view of

the physical sciences.

! Mechanics: Biomechanics “Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy “Physiology: Neuromuscular physiology

! Every structure that participates in movements of the body does so according to physical and physiological principles.

Why Study Kinesiology?

! Safety: structure movements to avoid doing harm to the body.

! Effectiveness: success or failure of meeting goals of performance.

! Efficiency: striving to achieve movement goal with least amount of effort.

Why Study Kinesiology? ! Help students gain

understanding of the nature & complexity of human motion.

! Learn what’s new: ! Advanced study: ! EMG, motion capture, force

transducers & computer analysis equipment.

! As technology advances, new abilities increase the depth of knowledge and understanding.

Why Are You Studying Kinesiology? ! For sound apparel design

one must understand the terminology, nature, & complexity of human motion.

! In groups come up with examples of where understanding motion is essential to design

Description of the motor skill performance Classification of the skill:

Classification provides clues to the nature of anatomical & mechanical requirements of a group of skills.

Simultaneous-sequential nature of motion ✕ Simultaneous – segments move as one ✕ Sequential – segments move in an orderly sequence

Fig 1.4

simultaneous sequential

Mechanical analysis Underlying mechanics objective(s)

✕ Balance: regain stability, attain mobility

✕ Locomotion: travel

✕ Projection: height, range & accuracy

✕ Manipulation: objects or resistance

✕ Maximum effort: speed, power, & force

In groups lets break down some activities to fit in these categories

Mechanical analysis

Underlying mechanics objective(s) ✕ Balance: regain stability, attain mobility

# Jump stop, track start ✕ Locomotion: travel

# Walking, running, skipping ✕ Projection: height, range & accuracy

# Pole vault, long jump, throwing ✕ Manipulation: objects or resistance

# Weightlifting, writing ✕ Maximum effort: speed, power, & force

# Sprinting, power lift, blocking

Musculoskeletal Framework ! An arrangement of:

! bones ! joints ! Muscles.

! The force is from a muscle attached to the bone or an external force (gravity or weight).

! Muscles can produce motion only by shortening.

Musculoskeletal Framework

! Acts as a lever system allowing for a great number of coordinated movements.

! An anatomical lever is a bone that engages in movement when force is applied to it.

Skeletal Framework ! Skeleton

! Provides:

! support

! muscle attachment

! protection Fig 2.1

Skeletal Framework !Axial:

!skull !spinal column !sternum ! ribs

!Appendicular:

!upper & lower extremities

Skeletal Framework ! Growth

“Osteogenesis

“Initial matrix

“Osteoblasts form bone on matrix.

“Bone forms in response to loading stress.

! Degeneration

! Osteoporosis

“Osteoclasts reabsorb bone in the absence of stress.

“Bones become more porous and brittle.

Skeletal Framework

Bone Growth and Degeneration

! Bone types

! Two types allow bone to be strong, yet light.

” Compact: dense outer bone

” Cancellous: open, spongy looking inner bone

Fig. 2.2

Classification of Bones

!Long

!Short

!Flat

!Irregular

Bone Growth and Degeneration

! Long: shaft or body with a medullary canal, and relatively broad, knobby ends “Femur, tibia, humerus,

ulna, radius, etc.

! Short: relatively small, chunky, solid “Carpals and tarsals

Bone Growth and Degeneration

!Flat: flat & plate like “Sternum, scapulae, ribs,

pelvis

! Irregular: bones of spinal column “Vertebrae, sacrum, &

coccyx

Joint Function ! Function of joints is to provide a means of moving or,

rather, of being moved.

! Secondary functions is to provide stability without interfering with the desired motions.

! All joints do not have the same degree of stability.

Joints

!Cartilaginous joint

!Fibrous joint

!Synovial (ligamentous joints)

Joints !Cartilaginous joint:

! United by fibrocartilage permits bending & twisting motions.

Joints

!Fibrous joint:

!Edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, NO movement permitted.

Joints

!Synovial (ligamentous joints):

!Two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type.

Tendons Vs.

Ligaments

Joint Function ! Emerson’s law: “For everything

that is given, something is taken”. “Movement is gained at the

expense of stability.

! Resistance to displacement

! Factors responsible for stability “Bony structure “Ligamentous arrangement “Muscle tension “Fascia (connective tissue) “Atmospheric pressure

Joint Structure vs. Function

More stable, less mobile

More mobile, less stable

Ball and Socket Hip

Ball and Socket Shoulder

The Role of Muscles in Stability

! Muscles that span joints aid in stability.

! Especially when bony structure contributes little to stability.

Muscles acting to stabilize the shoulder

Ligaments ! Ligaments are strong, flexible, stress-resistant, somewhat elastic,

fibrous tissues that form bands or cords.

! Join bone to bone.

! Help maintain relationship of bones.

Ligaments and Movement

! Check movement at normal limits of joint.

! Resist movements for which joint is not constructed.

! Will stretch when subject to prolonged stress. ” Once stretched, their function is

affected.

Range of Motion (ROM) ! Factors affecting the stability of a

joint are also related to its ROM:

1. Shape of articular surfaces (musculoskeletal system contact).

2. Restraining effect of ligaments. 3. Muscles and tendons

! Flexibility should not exceed muscle’s ability to maintain integrity of joint.

! Additional factors include: injury or disease, gender, body build, heredity, occupation, exercise, and age.

Orientation of Body !Center of Gravity: imaginary point representing the weight

center of an object

!Line of Gravity: imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity

Sagittal Frontal Transverse

Orientation of Body !Sagittal plane:

!Divides up: ! Left and right.

!Is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right.

Movements of Flexion and Extension around an axis of Coronal or Frontal and Lateral.

Sagittal

Orientation of Body !Frontal Plane:

! Divides up:

! Anterior or ventral = front

! Posterior or dorsal = back

Movements of Adbuction and Adduction around an axis of Sagittal or Anteroposterior

Frontal

Orientation of Body !Transverse:

! Divides up: ! top from bottom

! Superior and Inferior

! Axis passes horizontally from front to back; perpendicular to frontal plane.

Moments of rotational in the vertical axis

Transverse

! Flexion: reduction in joint angle.

! Extension: return movement from flexion.

Movement

Hyperflexion: arm is flexed beyond vertical.

Hyperextension: continuation of extension beyond starting position.

Reduction of Hyperextension: return movement from hyperextension.

Injury

Movement ! Abduction: movement away from the midline.

! Adduction: return movement from abduction.

Movement

! Alignment: optimum alignment should be based on efficiency, effectiveness, and safety.

! Range of Motion: ROM demands of an activity must be compatible to avoid injury.

! Flexibility: reduces internal resistance to motion.